There are many metal-forming processes which are well-established, such as deep drawing, which is used in the manufacture of billions of cans for consumable drinks. In press forming, flat sheets are formed between dies. The die set usually has a static face on which the sheet (blank) is secured and the mating die is depressed - this latter die is called the punch. The major advantage of forming processes is that they avoid the waste of material as happens in machining. Productivity can also be very high compared with machining. The final properties of the metal in the formed state may also be superior to those in the blank.
Hydroforming is a relatively new process, popularised by design studies which suggest that automobiles can be made much lighter by using hydroformed components made of steel. Structural strength and stiffness can be improved and the tooling costs reduced because several components can be consolidated into one hydroformed part. Components manufactured by forming can springback, meaning that the undergo elastic distortion on removing the component from the die. This effect is apparently smaller in hydroformed components.
The process is quite simple - a blank with a closed-form, such as a cylinder, is internally pressurised using fluid. The fluid is frequently water. The applied pressure is usually in the range 80-450 MPa. Its resultant plastic expansion is confined in a die of the desired shape. It is possible that some parts of the component thin excessively during hydroforming. This can sometimes be rectified, in the case of tube hydroforming, by applying axial pressure to feed material into the bulges, thereby reducing bulging.
Sheet metal can also be hydroformed but the sealing of the sheet to the die prior to pressurisation can be problematic, making the process too costly for mass production.
Equipment for hydroforming
Schematic illustration of the hydroforming of a bulge in a tube
One advantage is that large components with complex shapes can be made in one step, although the productivity tends to be small because the forming is slow and there is time involved in mounting and unmounting the blank from the hydroforming press.
Hydroformed automobile component
Starting shape cylindrical. Holes hydro-pierced.
The components illustrated below all began as tubes before hydroforming. The 'T' junctions can be made without using any joining techniques, and the smooth profiles also help avoid stress concentrations.
Hydroformed T-junction. The spherical cap at the end of the vertical tube is machined off.
More hydroformed components, in each case beginning with a tube.
요즘 내가 골치 꽤나 썩고 있는 hydroforming...
아무리 찾아봐도 자료가 많지 않다.
외국 사이트는 그런대로 잘 되어 있는데 우리 나라 사이트는 영...
책이라도 살려치면 가격이 만만치 않다. (10만원이 훌쩍 넘어 버린다.)
이렇게 뒤지는 수 밖에...
그래도...
이상하게 재미있단 말이야..
아무래도 조만간 대대적으로 음원에 대한 단속이 있을 것 같은 불길한 예감이 든다.
그래서...
모든 음악 카테고리를 닫기로 결정했다.
그동안 음악을 찾으러 들어오시는 분들이 많았는데,
그 분들께 죄송한 마음이 든다.
여유만 된다면 음원을 구입해서 올리고 싶으나,
아직까지 음악보다는 사진이 더 좋은가 보다.
제7장하이드로포밍.ppt